Comparison of Anthropometric Indicators That Assess Nutritional Status From Infancy to Old Age and Proposal of Percentiles for a Regional Sample of Chile.

Objectives: Anthropometric variables are used to evaluate health, dietary status, disease risks, and changes in body composition. The purpose of this study was to compare weight, height, and Body Mass Index (BMI) with American references from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS-2012), using BMI and Tri-Ponderal Mass Index (TMI) to propose percentiles for evaluating nutritional status of children, adolescents, and adults, ages 5-80 years old. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 15,436 (8,070 males and 7,366 females) children, youths and adults in the Maule region (Chile). The age range ranged from 5.0 to ~80 years of age. Weight and height were assessed. Body mass index BMI and tri-ponderal mass index (TMI) were calculated. The LMS method was used to generate percentiles. Results: The results illustrated that children were heavier and had more BMI during childhood compared to the NCHS references. During adolescence, reference values were greater until approximately ages 70-79. For height, children were relatively similar to those of the NCHS references, but during adolescence, differences became evident. Adolescence until approximately age 80, the population showed lower values for height. Percentiles were calculated using BMI and TMI by age range and sex. Differences occurred between the American NCHS references and the population with regard to the anthropometric variables of weight, height, and in BMI. Conclusion: Discrepancies with the American NCHS reference were verified in the anthropometric variables of weight, height and BMI. Reference percentiles of BMI and TMI were developed for the evaluation of the nutritional status of the regional population of Maule (Chile). Its use is suggested in clinical and epidemiological contexts.

Physical growth and body adiposity patterns in children and adolescents at high altitudes in Peru: Proposed percentiles for assessment.

OBJECTIVES: This study's purpose was to compare physical growth (PG) patterns of children and adolescents living at high elevations with those of other geographic regions, relate body adiposity indicators, and develop percentile reference tables for assessing physical growth and body adiposity. METHODS: The sample included 1536 children and adolescents ages 5.0 to 17.9 years from Puno (Peru) located between 3821 and 4349 m above sea level. Weight, height, arm and waist circumferences (WC), and three skinfolds measurements were recorded. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-height Index (WHI) were calculated. RESULTS: PG patterns for children living at a high altitude reflected similar values for weight, height, and arm circumference (AC) to those of their counterparts living in Puno (Peru) and La Paz (Bolivia). When compared with children living at moderate altitudes in Peru, they showed slightly lower PG values. BMI explained between 41% and 64% of the variance in sum of the skinfolds, while WC explained between 47% and 66%. HWI was not a strong predictor of variation in sum of skinfolds. Percentiles were generated for WC and the sum of skinfolds. CONCLUSION: Weight, height, and, arm and waist circumference patterns for children and adolescents living at high altitudes were similar to those of La Paz (Bolivia). WC and the sum of the skinfolds were better indicators for analyzing abdominal obesity compared to BMI and WHI. The percentiles proposed may be a useful tool for identifying high risk of developing overweight disorders in pediatric populations living at high altitudes.

Muscle Mass in Children and Adolescents: Proposed Equations and Reference Values for Assessment.

Objectives: The goal of this study was to develop regression equations to estimate LM with anthropometric variables and to propose percentiles for evaluating by age and sex. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted with 2,182 Chilean students (1,347 males and 835 females). Ages ranged from 5.0 to 17.9 years old. A total body scan was carried out with the double energy X-ray anthropometry (DXA) to examine and measure lean muscle mass of the entire body. Weight, height, and the circumference of the relaxed right arm were also measured. Results: Four anthropometric equations were generated to predict lean mass for both sexes (R 2 = 83-88%, SEE = 3.7-5.0%, precision = 0.90-0.93, and accuracy = 0.99). The Lambda-mu-sigma method was used to obtain the sex-specific and age-specific percentile curves of lean mass (p3, p5, p10, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90, p95, and p97). Conclusion: The four proposed equations were acceptable in terms of precision and accuracy to estimate lean mass in children and adolescents. The percentiles were created by means of anthropometric equations and real values for DXA. These are fundamental tools for monitoring LM in Chilean children and adolescents of both sexes.

Stability in post-seasonal hematological profiles in response to high-competitive match-play loads within elite top-level European soccer players: implications from a pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: The stability of hematological status indices is a key determinant of optimal sport performance. The capacity to monitor hematological behaviors of elite soccer players may better explain the stresses placed upon physiological systems and the potential decrements in performance and physical capacity. The primary aim of this investigation was to examine the post-seasonal hematological status of professional top-level soccer players in response to seasonal match-play and training demands, in terms of the training practices, intensity, and loadings that they experience before, during, and after each season. METHODS: Seventeen male elite European soccer players participated in the study (mean±SD: age 26.8±4.6 years, weight 78.1±5.7 kg, height 182.4±4.8 cm, body fat 9.8%±2.9%, and maximal aerobic capacity 56.5±4.2 mL kg-1 min-1). The season culminated in 74 competitive matches including domestic, Champions League, and UEFA Cup matches. Blood samples were collected between 9:00 and 10:30 am after an overnight fast (~10 hours), 72 hours post conclusion of the final match of the competitive season. RESULTS: Near-perfect correlations between white blood cells, neutrophils, the period of season, training availability, and total competitive minutes were found. When adjusting for all the confounding variables, a stability of the hematological profile was noticed. Only mean cell volume and mean cell hemoglobin values were associated with the requirement for elite European soccer teams to fulfill excessive competitive loadings. The reported lower mean cell volume and mean cell hemoglobin values may highlight the accumulative effects of seasonal training and match-play demands. CONCLUSION: Regular blood testing could identify the need for both squad rotation and the implementation of interventions to assist in stabilizing transient hematological behaviors in order to optimize performance and sports output.

Physical Growth and Biological Maturation of Children and Adolescents: Proposed Reference Curves.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The study of physical growth variables in terms of chronological age and biological maturation may provide a common reference point to reflect on the occurrence of body dimensions in and between individuals. The objectives of this study were as follows: (a) verify if the observed gender differences in the variables of physical growth by chronological age are confounded by physical maturation, (b) compare physical growth patterns with the reference of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-2012, and (c) develop regional curves to assess physical growth in terms of biological maturation. METHODS: Researchers studied 3,674 children and adolescents. Weight, standing height, and sitting height were measured. Biological maturation was determined by using the age of peak velocity growth. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Growth variables were compared with the CDC-2012 reference. Percentiles were calculated by the LMS method. The students differed in weight and BMI when compared to the reference individuals. The differences in weight, standing height, and BMI between both genders are more pronounced when they are aligned with biological age rather than chronological age. CONCLUSION: Weight and BMI differ from the reference. Furthermore, the assessment of the physical growth trajectory should be analyzed in terms of biological maturation. The proposed regional curves may be used in and applied to clinical and epidemiological contexts.

[TRENDS TO INCREASED BODY FAT AND BLOOD PRESSURE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN TWO COHORTS (2009-2014)]. / TENDENCIAS AL INCREMENTO DE LA ADIPOSIDAD CORPORAL Y LA PRESIÓN ARTERIAL DE JÓVENES UNIVERSITARIOS EN DOS COHORTES (2009-2014).

OBJECTIVE: a) describe changes in body adiposity, b) quantify the increase in blood pressure and c) verify if blood pressure increases according to the categories of body fatness in two cohorts (2009-2014) in university students. METHODS: two transverse measurements made in 2009 and 2014. The 2009 sample consisted of 309 university students (138 men and 171 women) and 2014 by 319 young people (136 men and 183 women) were compared. Weight, height, body mass index, waist circumference and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were evaluated. RESULTS: males were significantly increased body adiposity (BMI = 1.9 kg/m2 and CC = 6.4 cm), (p < 0.001), while women increased blood pressure (DBP = 5.7 mmHg and SBP = 6.6 mmHg) as a function of body fat in a range of 5 years (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: males increased their body fat, while women increased blood pressure. The results suggest the adoption of healthy lifestyles to combat excess weight and the presence of hypertension in young students.

Objetivo: a) describir los cambios de la adiposidad corporal, b) cuantificar el incremento de la presión arterial y c) verificar si la presión arterial aumenta en función de las categorías de la adiposidad corporal en dos cohortes (2009-2014) en jóvenes universitarios. Métodos: se comparó dos mediciones transversales efectuadas en el año 2009 y 2014. La muestra del 2009 estuvo constituida por 309 universitarios (138 varones y 171 mujeres) y la del 2014 por 319 jóvenes (136 varones y 183 mujeres). Se evaluó peso, estatura, índice de masa corporal (IMC), circunferencia de la cintura (CC) y presión arterial diastólica (PAD) y sistólica (PAS). Resultados: los varones aumentaron significativamente en la adiposidad corporal (IMC = 1,9 kg/m2 y CC = 6,4 cm), (p < 0,001), mientras que las mujeres incrementaron la presión arterial (PAD = 5,7 mmHg y PAS = 6,6 mmHg) en función de la adiposidad corporal en un intervalo de 5 años (p < 0,001). Conclusión: los varones incrementaron su adiposidad corporal, mientras que las mujeres aumentaron la presión arterial. Los resultados sugieren la adopción de estilos de vida saludables para combatir el exceso de peso y la presencia de hipertensión arterial en los jóvenes universitarios.

[ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HEALTH RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE, BODYWEIGHT STATUS (BMI) AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND FITNESS LEVELS IN CHILEAN ADOLESCENTS]. / ASOCIACIÓN ENTRE LA CALIDAD DE VIDA RELACIONADA CON LA SALUD, EL ESTADO NUTRICIONAL (IMC) Y LOS NIVELES DE ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA Y CONDICIÓN FÍSICA EN ADOLESCENTES CHILENOS.

AIM: the objective of this study was to analyze the potential relationships between Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) with weight status, physical activity (PA) and fitness in Chilean adolescents in both, independent and combined analysis. METHOD: a sample of 767 participants (47.5% females) and aged between 12 and 18 (mean age 15.5) was employed. All measurements were carried out using selfreported instruments and Kidscreen-10, iPAQ and IFIS were used to assess HRQoL, PA and Fitness respectively. One factor ANOVA and linear regression models were applied to analyze associations between HRQoL, weight status, PA and fitness using age and sex as confounders. RESULTS: body mass index, level of PA and fitness were independently associated with HRQoL in Chilean adolescents. However, the combined and adjusted by sex and age analysis of these associations showed that only the fitness was significantly related with HRQoL. CONCLUSION: general fitness is associated with HRQoL independently of sex, age, bodyweight status and level of PA. The relationship between nutritional status and weekly PA with HRQoL are mediated by sex, age and general fitness.

Objetivos: el objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar las posibles relaciones entre la Calidad de Vida Relacionada con la Salud (CVRS) con el estado nutricional y los niveles de Actividad Física (AF) y Condición Física (CF) en adolescentes chilenos, de manera independiente e interactiva. Método: se utilizó una muestra de 767 participantes (47,5% chicas) con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 18 años de edad (edad media 15,5 años). Todas las medidas utilizadas se obtuvieron mediante instrumentos auto- administrados. Se utilizó el Kidscreen-10, iPAQ e IFIS para evaluar la CVRS, la AF y la CF, respectivamente. Se realizaron análisis de ANOVA de un factor y modelos de regresión lineal para analizar las asociaciones entre la CVRS, el estado nutricional, la AF y la CF utilizando la edad y el sexo como variables confusoras. Resultados: se ha encontrado una asociación independiente del Índice de Masa Corporal, el nivel de AF y de CF con el nivel de CVRS de adolescentes chilenos. Sin embargo, al analizar esta asociación de forma combinada y ajustada por sexo y edad tan solo el nivel de CF general se asocia de forma significativa con la CVRS. Conclusión: el nivel de CF general se asocia con la CVRS en adolescentes chilenos independientemente del sexo, la edad, el estado nutricional y el nivel de AF. La relación entre el estado nutricional y el nivel de AF semanal con la CVRS están mediadas por el sexo, la edad y el nivel de CF general.

Asociación entre la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, el estado nutricional (IMC) y los niveles de actividad física y condición física en adolescentes chilenos / Association between health related quality of life, bodyweight status (BMI) and physical activity and fitness levels in Chilean adolescents

Objetivos: el objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar las posibles relaciones entre la Calidad de Vida Relacionada con la Salud (CVRS) con el estado nutricional y los niveles de Actividad Física (AF) y Condición Física (CF) en adolescentes chilenos, de manera independiente e interactiva. Método: se utilizó una muestra de 767 participantes (47,5% chicas) con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 18 años de edad (edad media 15,5 años). Todas las medidas utilizadas se obtuvieron mediante instrumentos auto-administrados. Se utilizó el Kidscreen-10, iPAQ e IFIS para evaluar la CVRS, la AF y la CF, respectivamente. Se realizaron análisis de ANOVA de un factor y modelos de regresión lineal para analizar las asociaciones entre la CVRS, el estado nutricional, la AF y la CF utilizando la edad y el sexo como variables confusoras. Resultados: se ha encontrado una asociación independiente del Índice de Masa Corporal, el nivel de AF y de CF con el nivel de CVRS de adolescentes chilenos. Sin embargo, al analizar esta asociación de forma combinada y ajustada por sexo y edad tan solo el nivel de CF general se asocia de forma significativa con la CVRS. Conclusión: el nivel de CF general se asocia con la CVRS en adolescentes chilenos independientemente del sexo, la edad, el estado nutricional y el nivel de AF. La relación entre el estado nutricional y el nivel de AF semanal con la CVRS están mediadas por el sexo, la edad y el nivel de CF general (AU)

Aim: the objective of this study was to analyze the potential relationships between Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) with weight status, physical activity (PA) and fitness in Chilean adolescents in both, independent and combined analysis. Method: a sample of 767 participants (47.5% females) and aged between 12 and 18 (mean age 15.5) was employed. All measurements were carried out using selfreported instruments and Kidscreen-10, iPAQ and IFIS were used to assess HRQoL, PA and Fitness respectively. One factor ANOVA and linear regression models were applied to analyze associations between HRQoL, weight status, PA and fitness using age and sex as confounders. Results: body mass index, level of PA and fitness were independently associated with HRQoL in Chilean adolescents. However, the combined and adjusted by sex and age analysis of these associations showed that only the fitness was significantly related with HRQoL. Conclusion: general fitness is associated with HRQoL independently of sex, age, bodyweight status and level of PA. The relationship between nutritional status and weekly PA with HRQoL are mediated by sex, age and general fitness (AU)

[Reliability of a questionnaire to assess physical activity in normal weight adolescents and overweight]. / CONFIABILIDAD DE UN CUESTIONARIO QUE VALORA LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA EN ADOLESCENTES NORMOPESO Y CON EXCESO DE PESO.

INTRODUCTION: In recent years it has reported high levels of obesity associated with low levels of physical activity, which shows the need for assessment as elements of health and quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To verify the ability of reproducibility of a PA questionnaire in school adolescents classified as normal weight, overweight and obese. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 1306 adolescent students (562 men and 744 women) from three municipal educational institutions of the province of Talca (Chile). The age range was from 12.0 to 17.9 years. Weight and height were assessed and body mass index was calculated. Cutoff points used CDC-2000 for nutritional classification categories (normal weight, overweight and obesity) was used. A survey of physical activity was applied to the three groups studied. RESULTS: 388 men and 533 women with normal weight were identified, 131 men and 169 overweight women, 43 men and 42 women with obesity. Both sexes showed high Cronbach alpha reliability values. In men (0.80 with normal weight, overweight 0.77 and 0.83 with obesity) and women (0.79 with normal weight, overweight 0.77 and 0.76 with obesity). CONCLUSION: The instrument used showed high reproducibility capacity in both normal weight adolescents, overweight and obesity. These results suggest everyday use in survey to assess the patterns of AF scale, regardless of nutritional status in which they are located.

Introducción: En los últimos años se ha reportado altos niveles de obesidad relacionados con bajos niveles de actividad física, lo que muestra la necesidad de su valoración como elementos de la salud y calidad de vida. Objetivo: Verificar la capacidad de reproductibilidad de un cuestionario de AF en adolescentes escolares clasificados como normopeso, con sobrepeso y con obesidad. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 1306 adolescentes escolares (562 hombres y 744 mujeres) de tres instituciones educativas Municipales de la provincia de Talca (Chile). El rango de edad fue de 12,0 a 17,9 años. Se evaluó el peso y la estatura y se calculó el Índice de Masa Corporal. Se utilizó los puntos de corte del CDC-2000 para la clasificación en categorías nutricionales (normopeso, sobrepeso y obesidad). Se aplicó una encuesta de actividad física a los tres grupos estudiados. Resultados: Se identificaron 388 hombres y 533 mujeres con normopeso, 131 hombres y 169 mujeres con sobrepeso, 43 hombres y 42 mujeres con obesidad. En ambos sexos el alfa de Cronbach mostró altos valores de confiabilidad. En hombres (con normopeso 0,80, con sobrepeso 0,77 y con obesidad 0,83) y en mujeres (con normopeso 0,79, con sobrepeso 0,77 y con obesidad 0,76). Conclusión: El instrumento utilizado mostró alta capacidad de reproductibilidad, tanto en adolescentes normopesos, con sobrepeso y con obesidad. Estos resultados sugieren el uso cotidiano en la encuesta para valorar los patrones de AF a gran escala, independientemente del estado nutricional en la que se encuentren.

Confiabilidad de un cuestionario que valora la actividad física en adolescentes normopeso y con exceso de peso / Reliability of a questionnaire to assess physical activity in normal weight adolescents and overweight

Introducción: En los últimos años se ha reportado altos niveles de obesidad relacionados con bajos niveles de actividad física, lo que muestra la necesidad de su valoración como elementos de la salud y calidad de vida. Objetivo: Verificar la capacidad de reproductibilidad de un cuestionario de AF en adolescentes escolares clasificados como normopeso, con sobrepeso y con obesidad. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 1306 adolescentes escolares (562 hombres y 744 mujeres) de tres instituciones educativas Municipales de la provincia de Talca (Chile). El rango de edad fue de 12,0 a 17,9 años. Se evaluó el peso y la estatura y se calculó el Índice de Masa Corporal. Se utilizó los puntos de corte del CDC-2000 para la clasificación en categorías nutricionales (normopeso, sobrepeso y obesidad). Se aplicó una encuesta de actividad física a los tres grupos estudiados. Resultados: Se identificaron 388 hombres y 533 mujeres con normopeso, 131 hombres y 169 mujeres con sobrepeso, 43 hombres y 42 mujeres con obesidad. En ambos sexos el alfa de Cronbach mostró altos valores de confiabilidad. En hombres (con normopeso 0,80, con sobrepeso 0,77 y con obesidad 0,83) y en mujeres (con normopeso 0,79, con sobrepeso 0,77 y con obesidad 0,76). Conclusión: El instrumento utilizado mostró alta capacidad de reproductibilidad, tanto en adolescentes normopesos, con sobrepeso y con obesidad. Estos resultados sugieren el uso cotidiano en la encuesta para valorar los patrones de AF a gran escala, independientemente del estado nutricional en la que se encuentren (AU)

Introduction: In recent years it has reported high levels of obesity associated with low levels of physical activity, which shows the need for assessment as elements of health and quality of life. Objective: To verify the ability of reproducibility of a PA questionnaire in school adolescents classified as normal weight, overweight and obese. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 1306 adolescent students (562 men and 744 women) from three municipal educational institutions of the province of Talca (Chile). The age range was from 12.0 to 17.9 years. Weight and height were assessed and body mass index was calculated. Cutoff points used CDC-2000 for nutritional classification categories (normal weight, overweight and obesity) was used. A survey of physical activity was applied to the three groups studied. Results: 388 men and 533 women with normal weight were identified, 131 men and 169 overweight women, 43 men and 42 women with obesity. Both sexes showed high Cronbach alpha reliability values. In men (0.80 with normal weight, overweight 0.77 and 0.83 with obesity) and women (0.79 with normal weight, overweight 0.77 and 0.76 with obesity). Conclusion: The instrument used showed high reproducibility capacity in both normal weight adolescents, overweight and obesity. These results suggest everyday use in survey to assess the patterns of AF scale, regardless of nutritional status in which they are located (AU)

Capacidad cardio-respiratoria de niños escolares que viven a moderada altitud / Cardiorespiratory capacity in children living at moderate altitude

Objetivo: Determinar la capacidad cardio-respiratoria de niños escolares que viven a moderada altitud. Pacientes y Método: Fueron seleccionados 795 niños (394 niños y 401 niñas) de escuelas públicas del área urbana de moderada altitud (2.320 msnm) de Arequipa, Perú. Se evaluaron variables antropométricas (masa corporal, estatura, porcentaje de grasa) y capacidad cardio-respiratoria a través del test indirecto de Course Navette, considerando las siguientes categorías: deficiente, malo, aceptable, bueno, muy bueno y excelente. Resultados: Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas en todas las categorías (p < 0,05). Se verificó que los valores medios de las categorías malo y deficiente en ambos sexos son inferiores a los de la categoría aceptable (p < 0,05). Se determinó que el 19 por ciento de niños y 21 por ciento de niñas mostraron bajo nivel de capacidad cardio-respiratoria, además se verificó correlación negativa baja con la categoría sobrepeso (r = -0,20 a -0,22) y moderada con la obesidad (r = -0,39 a -0,42) en ambos sexos. Conclusiones: Existen bajos niveles de capacidad cardio-respiratoria en niños de ambos sexos niños escolares que viven a moderada altitud, que se correlaciona negativamente con el exceso de peso corporal. Los resultados sugieren que uno de cada 5 niños se encuentra con posibilidades de padecer algún evento de índole cardiovascular.

Objective: To determine the cardiorespiratory capacity of school children living at moderate altitude. Patients and Method: 795 children (394 children and 401 girls) were selected from urban public schools in Arequipa, Peru at moderate altitude (2,320 m). Anthropometric variables (body mass, height, body fat percentage) and cardiorespiratory capacity were assessed using the Course Navette test, considering the following categories: deficient, poor, fair, good, very good and excellent. Results: The results showed significant differences in all categories (p < 0.05). It was described that the median values of the poor and deficient categories in both gender were lower than what is considered acceptable (p < 0.05). It was concluded that 19 percent of boys and 21 percentof girls showed low level of cardiorespiratory capacity and a low negative correlation with overweight (r = -0.20 to -0.22) and a moderate negative correlation with obesity (r = -0.39 to -0.42) were described for both genders. Conclusions: Low levels of cardiorespiratory capacity in boys and girls living at moderate altitude are observed, which is negatively correlated with excess body weight. The results suggest that 1 in 5 children are likely to suffer some type of cardiovascular event.

[Cardiorespiratory capacity in children living at moderate altitude]. / Capacidad cardio-respiratoria de niños escolares que viven a moderada altitud.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the cardiorespiratory capacity of school children living at moderate altitude. PATIENTS AND METHOD: 795 children (394 children and 401 girls) were selected from urban public schools in Arequipa, Peru at moderate altitude (2,320 m). Anthropometric variables (body mass, height, body fat percentage) and cardiorespiratory capacity were assessed using the Course Navette test, considering the following categories: deficient, poor, fair, good, very good and excellent. RESULTS: The results showed significant differences in all categories (p<0.05). It was described that the median values of the poor and deficient categories in both gender were lower than what is considered acceptable (p<0.05). It was concluded that 19% of boys and 21% of girls showed low level of cardiorespiratory capacity and a low negative correlation with overweight (r=-0.20 to -0.22) and a moderate negative correlation with obesity (r=-0.39 to -0.42) were described for both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Low levels of cardiorespiratory capacity in boys and girls living at moderate altitude are observed, which is negatively correlated with excess body weight. The results suggest that 1 in 5 children are likely to suffer some type of cardiovascular event.